Publications
2026
Frick, Natalie Mims, and Vinita Srinivasan."2026 Large Load Literature Review and Data Sources."
(2026).
Kahrl, Fredrich, and Natalie Mims Frick."Speed to Power: Solutions for Accelerating Large Load Connections."
(2026).
Smith, Sarah Josephine, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Mohan Ganeshalingam, Billie Holecek, Dale A Sartor, Michael Mills, and Arman Shehabi."United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update."
(2026).
Georgis, Tony."DOE Energy Innovator Fellows informational webinar: Electricity Cost of Service Studies."
(2026).
Granderson, Jessica, Ian M Hoffman, Billie Holecek, Eliot Crowe, Sarah Josephine Smith, and Natalie Mims Frick."Integrating AI Data Centers with the Power Grid."The Bridge
(2026). DOI
Breunig, Hanna."Recent developments in primary copper supply in the United States."Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain
(2026) 100343. DOI
Kurtz, Jennifer, Jibran Zuberi, Luke Wierl, and Steve Hammond." Avoiding Waste Heat through AI Infrastructure Thermal Integration."National Academy of Engineering
56.1 (2026).
Grahovac, Milica, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alexander Newkirk, Evan Neill, Zheng He, and Vlada Dementyeva."Shape Maker: Data Center and Industrial Electrical Load Shape Generator."
(2026). DOI
2025
Smith, Sarah Josephine, and Natalie Mims Frick."DOE Energy Innovator Fellows Informational Webinar: Data Centers."
(2025).
Lei, Nuoa, Jun Lu, Arman Shehabi, and Eric R Masanet."The water use of data center workloads: A review and assessment of key determinants."Resources, Conservation and Recycling
219 (2025) 108310. DOI
Satchwell, Andrew, Natalie Mims Frick, Peter Cappers, Sanem Sergici, Ryan Hledik, Goksin Kavlak, and Glenda Oskar."Electricity Rate Designs for Large Loads: Evolving Practices and Opportunities."
(2025).
Long, Angela, Ryan Long, and Natalie Mims Frick."Virtual Power Plants: Insights, Profiles and Inventory."
(2025).
Kirchstetter, Thomas W, Sarah Josephine Smith, Arman Shehabi, and Dale A Sartor."DOE Data Center Load Flexibility Workshop Summary."
(2025).
2024
Shehabi, Arman, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Nuoa Lei, Md AbuBakar Siddik, Billie Holecek, Jonathan G Koomey, Eric R Masanet, and Dale A Sartor."2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report."
(2024). DOI
2023
Grahovac, Milica, Paul Ehrlich, Jianjun Hu, and Michael Wetter."Model-based data center cooling controls comparative co-design."Science and Technology for the Built Environment
(2023). DOI
Sartor, Dale A, Bo Shen, and Arman Shehabi."Repurposing coal assets for a decarbonized digital economy."
(2023).
2022
Grahovac, Milica, Paul Ehrlich, Jianjun Hu, and Michael Wetter."Data Center Chiller Plant: Simulation-based Comparative Control Design Case Study."Proceedings of the 2022 Building Performance Analysis Conference and SimBuild
10 (2022). DOI
Agarwal, Shreya, and Douglas R Black."Optimal sizing of microgrid DERs for specialized critical load resilience."2022 IEEE Green Energy and Smart Systems Conference (IGESSC)2022 IEEE Green Energy and Smart System Systems (IGESSC)
(2022). DOI
2021
Meese, Aidan Francis, David J Kim, Xuanhao Wu, Linh Le, Cade Napier, Mark T Hernandez, Nicollette Laroco, Karl G Linden, Jordan Cox, Parthiv Kurup, James McCall, David L Greene, Michael Talmadge, Zhe Huang, Jordan Macknick, Kurban A Sitterley, Ariel Miara, Anna Evans, Kiran Thirumaran, Mini Malhotra, Susana Garcia Gonzalez, Prakash Rao, Jennifer Stokes-Draut, and Jae-Hong Kim."Opportunities and Challenges for Industrial Water Treatment and Reuse."ACS ES&T Engineering
(2021). DOI
Siddik, Md AbuBakar, Arman Shehabi, and Landon Marston."The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States."Environmental Research Letters
16 (2021). DOI
Sun, Kaiyu, Na Luo, Xuan Luo, and Tianzhen Hong."Prototype energy models for data centers."Energy and Buildings
231 (2021) 110603. DOI
2020
Liu, Jingjing, and Norman Bourassa."Continuously Improving Energy and Water Management."ASHRAE Journal
(2020). DOI
Earni, Shankar, and Steve E Greenberg."The Installation of Direct Water-Cooling Systems to Reduce Cooling Energy Requirements for High-Performance Computing Centers."ACEEE 2020 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
(2020). DOI
Masanet, Eric R, Arman Shehabi, Nuoa Lei, Sarah Josephine Smith, and Jonathan G Koomey."Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates."Science
367.6481 (2020) 984 - 986. DOI